Chemical warfare agents : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutics / edited by James A. Romano, Jr., Brian J. Lukey, Harry Salem.

Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgments; Editors; Contributors; Section I: General; 1: Brief History and Use of Chemical Warfare Agents in Warfare and Terrorism; Harry Salem, Andrew L. Ternay, Jr., and Jeffery K. Smart; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Before the Common Era: Chemical Warfare Agents in Ancient Times; 1.3 Chemical Warfare Agents in the Common Era to World War I; 1.4 Chemical Warfare Agents Used in World War I (1914-1918); 1.5 Chemical Warfare Agents between World War I and World War II; 1.6 Chemical Warfare Agents in World War II

1.7 Chemical Warfare Use after World War II1.8 Chemical Warfare Agents Used in Terrorism; 1.9 Conclusions; References; 2: Chemistries of Chemical Warfare Agents; Terry J. Henderson, Ilona Petrikovics, Petr Kikilo, Andrew L. Ternay, Jr., and Harry Salem; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Early Chemical Warfare Agents; 2.2.1 Chlorine (Cl2); 2.2.2 Phosgene (COCl2); 2.2.3 Chloropicrin (CCl3NO2); 2.2.4 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN); 2.2.5 Cyanogen Chloride (ClCN); 2.2.6 Sulfur Mustard (C4H8Cl2S); 2.2.7 CS (C10H5ClN2); 2.3 Nerve Agents; 2.3.1 Tabun (C5H11N2O2P); 2.3.2 Sarin (C4H10FO2P); 2.3.3 Soman (C7H16FO2P)

2.3.4 VX (C11H26NO2PS)2.4 Incapacitating Agents; 2.4.1 BZ (C21H23NO3); 2.4.2 Fentanyl (C22H28N2O); 2.5 Concluding Remarks; References; 3: Toxicokinetics of Nerve Agents; Marcel J. van der Schans, Hendrik P. Benschop, and Christopher E. Whalley; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Nerve Agent Stereo-Isomers: Chiral Analysis; 3.3 Experimental; 3.4 Intravenous Toxicokinetics of Soman, Sarin, and VX; 3.4.1 Soman; 3.4.2 Sarin; 3.4.3 VX; 3.5 Percutaneous Toxicokinetics of VX; 3.6 Elimination Pathways of Soman, Sarin, and VX; 3.7 Effect of HuBuChE as a Scavenger on the Toxicokinetics of Nerve Agents

3.8 Concluding RemarksReferences; 4: Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW): History, Mission, and Accomplishments; Karen L. Mumy, William R. Howard, Ariel Parker, Jonathan Forman, and Expert Opinion by Gwyn Winfield; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 History Leading to the Genesis of the Chemical Weapons Convention; 4.3 Genesis of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons; 4.4 Membership in the OPCW; 4.5 Structure of the OPCW; 4.5.1 Conference of States Parties; 4.5.2 Executive Council; 4.5.3 Technical Secretariat; 4.5.4 Subsidiary Bodies; 4.5.5 Committees

4.6 Global Mission4.6.1 Demilitarization; 4.6.2 Nonproliferation; 4.6.3 Assistance and Protection; 4.7 Accomplishments; 4.7.1 Nobel Peace Prize 2013; 4.7.2 Syria Inspection; 4.7.3 Other Noted Accomplishments; 4.8 The Next 20 Years; 4.9 Outside Expert Opinion: Gwyn Winfield; Appendix: OPCW Member States as of 2018 (per www.opcw.org); References; 5: Chemical Weapons Holdings and Their Internationally Verified Destruction; John Hart and Thomas Stock; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 CWC Provisions; 5.3 Role of OPCW Verification; 5.4 CW and OACW Declarations and Destruction Operations Since EIF of CWC

The first edition of this book, Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels, was published just prior to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The second edition titled, Chemical Warfare Agents: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, included new epidemiological and clinical studies of exposed or potentially exposed populations; new treatment concepts and products; improved organization of the national response apparatus addressing the potential for CWA terrorism; and improved diagnostic tests that enable rapid diagnosis and treatment. Since the second edition, the chemical warfare agent community has worked hard to advance research for protection and treatment and develop/improve response approaches for individuals and definitive care. Consequently, in addition to updating previous chapters, Chemical Warfare Agents: Biomedical and Psychological Effects, Medical Countermeasures, and Emergency Response, Third Edition features several new chapters that address the Syrian War, chemical destruction, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, biomarkers for chemical warfare agent exposure, field sensors, aircraft decontamination, lung/human on a chip, chemical warfare response decision making, and other research advancements. Features: Describes the newest medical interventions, and the latest technologies deployed in the field, as well as developments in the international response to CW usage highlighting recent events in the Middle East Discusses the latest in organizational/interagency partitioning in terms of responsibilities for emergency response, not just in the United States but at the international level--whether prevention, mitigation, medical care, reclamation, or medico-legal aspects of such response Contains the most current research from bench-level experts The third edition contains the most up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the question of chemical warfare agent employment on the battlefield or in terrorism. Edited by workers that have been in the field for 35+ years, it remains faithful to the scientific "constants," while evaluating and crediting the advances by the industry that have made us safer.

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