AI and Human Thought and Emotion.

Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Author; 0 Introduction; 0.1 Frustrations and Opportunities in AI Research; 0.2 Central Questions; 0.3 Structure of This Volume; 0.4 How to Read This Book; PART I: INTELLIGENCE IN COMPUTERS, HUMANS AND SOCIETIES; 1 Artificial Intelligence as It Stands; 1.1 About AI; 1.1.1 AI's Relation to Psychology, Cognitive Science, etc.; 1.1.2 What Are Intelligence, Consciousness, and Introspection; 1.1.3 Defining and Viewing AI; 1.2 First Approach: Logic and Mathematics; 1.3 Second Approach: Biological Inspiration

1.4 A Half-Approach, and a Point or Two1.5 Watson; 1.5.1 Explicit Motivations; 1.5.2 Arguments against Introspection; 1.5.3 Interesting Points; 1.5.4 Watson -- Summary; 1.6 Simon; 1.6.1 Economics; 1.6.2 Hostile to Subjectivity -- Rationalistic; 1.6.3 Artificial Intelligence; 1.6.4 Against His Critics; 1.6.5 Flirting with Subjectivity; 1.7 AI as It Stands -- Summary; 2 Current Critiques of Artificial Intelligence; 2.1 Background: Phenomenology and Heidegger; 2.1.1 Phenomenology; 2.1.2 Heidegger; 2.2 The Cognition vs Phenomenology Debate; 2.3 Dreyfus

2.3.1 Part I -- Ten Years of Research in Artificial Intelligence (1957-1967)2.3.2 Part II -- Assumptions Underlying Persistent Optimism; 2.3.3 Part III -- Alternatives to the Traditional Assumptions; 2.3.4 Dreyfus's Updated Position; 2.4 Winograd and Flores; 2.4.1 Cognition as a Biological Phenomenon; 2.4.2 Understanding and Being; 2.4.3 Language as Listening and Commitment; 2.5 Hermeneutics and Gadamer; 2.5.1 Hermeneutics; 2.5.2 The Hermeneutics of Heidegger and Gadamer; 2.6 AI's Inadequate Response to Dreyfus and Other Critiques; 2.7 Locating This Project amongst Existing Thinkers

2.8 Current Critiques of AI: Summary3 Human Thinking: Anxiety and Pretence; 3.1 Individual Thinking; 3.1.1 Our Thinking Processes Are Embarrassing; 3.1.2 Anxiety, Pretence, Stories, and Comfort; 3.1.3 Can We Even Tell the Truth?; 3.1.4 Motivations; 3.2 Society's Thinking; 3.2.1 Politics; 3.2.2 Social Perceptions of Science; 3.2.3 Interrelation of Politics and Science; 3.2.4 Distinct Disciplines and Education; 3.2.5 Education as Indoctrination; 3.3 Adapting to Social Norms; 3.3.1 Social Pressure -- the Game of Life; 3.3.2 Conforming; 3.3.3 Escape to a Role, Arrogance; 3.3.4 Needs Must

3.4 Relevance to AI3.4.1 Anxiety and Pretence Are Immediately Relevant to Thinking; 3.4.2 Implications for AI, a Rudimentary Human-Like Mind; 3.4.3 Meaning-for-Me vs Big Data; 3.4.4 Relevance to AI -- the Future; 3.5 Human Thinking: Anxiety and Pretence: Summary; 4 Prevailing Prejudices Pertaining to Artificial Intelligence; 4.1 A History of an Idea: Positivism; 4.2 Knowledge; 4.2.1 Truth Exists, Is Knowable, and Can Be Expressed in Language; 4.2.2 There Is Only One Truth System; 4.2.3 Kinds of Illumination; 4.2.4 Polarisation of Knowledge and Doubt; 4.3 Science

4.3.1 The Scientific Clean Sweep

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) has grown dramatically in recent decades from niche expert systems to the current myriad of deep machine learning applications that include personal assistants, natural-language interfaces, and medical, financial, and traffic management systems. This boom in AI engineering masks the fact that all current AI systems are based on two fundamental ideas: mathematics (logic and statistics, from the 19th century), and a grossly simplified understanding of biology (mainly neurons, as understood in 1943). This book explores other fundamental ideas that have the potential to make AI more anthropomorphic. Most books on AI are technical and do not consider the humanities. Most books in the humanities treat technology in a similar manner. AI and Human Thought and Emotion, however is about AI, how academics, researchers, scientists, and practitioners came to think about AI the way they do, and how they can think about it afresh with a humanities-based perspective. The book walks a middle line to share insights between the humanities and technology. It starts with philosophy and the history of ideas and goes all the way to usable algorithms. Central to this work are the concepts of introspection, which is how consciousness is viewed, and consciousness, which is accessible to humans as they reflect on their own experience. The main argument of this book is that AI based on introspection and emotion can produce more human-like AI. To discover the connections among emotion, introspection, and AI, the book travels far from technology into the humanities and then returns with concrete examples of new algorithms. At times philosophical, historical, and technical, this exploration of human emotion and thinking poses questions and provides answers about the future of AI.

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