The art and science of dermal formulation development / Marc Brown, Adrian C. Williams.

Cover; Half Title; Series Page; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgements; About the Authors; Chapter 1: Structure and Function of Human Skin; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Healthy Skin Structure and Function; 1.2.1 The Subcutaneous Fat Layer; 1.2.2 The Dermis; 1.2.2.1 Pilosebaceous Unit; 1.2.2.2 Eccrine (Sweat) Glands; 1.2.2.3 Apocrine Glands; 1.2.3 The Epidermis; 1.2.3.1 Basement Membrane; 1.2.3.2 The Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum or, More Commonly, Basal Layer); 1.2.3.3 The Stratum Spinosum (Spinous Layer/Prickle Cell Layer)

1.2.3.4 The Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)1.2.3.5 The Stratum Lucidum; 1.2.3.6 The Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer); 1.2.4 Epidermal Enzyme Systems; 1.3 Physiological Factors Affecting Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery; 1.3.1 Gender; 1.3.2 Skin Age; 1.3.3 Body Site; 1.3.4 Race; 1.3.5 Other Factors; 1.4 Skin Microbiome; 1.5 Damaged Skin; References; Chapter 2: Theoretical Aspects of Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery; 2.1 Terminology; 2.2 The Transdermal Permeation Process; 2.3 Permeation Pathways through the Stratum Corneum; 2.3.1 Transappendageal Transport (Shunt Route Transport)

2.3.2 Transcellular Route2.3.3 Intercellular Pathway; 2.4 Influence of Permeant Physicochemical Properties on Route of Absorption; 2.4.1 Partition Coefficient; 2.4.2 Molecular Size; 2.4.3 Solubility/Melting Point; 2.4.4 Ionisation; 2.4.5 Other Factors; 2.4.6 Biomacromolecules; 2.5 Mathematics of Skin Permeation; 2.5.1 Pseudo Steady-State Permeation (Infinite Dosing); 2.5.2 Concentration Gradient or Thermodynamic Activity?; 2.5.3 Transient Permeation (Finite Dosing); References; Chapter 3: Chemical Modulation of Topical and Transdermal Permeation; 3.1 Introduction

3.2 Chemical Modulation of Drug Flux3.2.1 Mechanisms of Chemical Penetration Enhancement; 3.2.1.1 Interaction (Disordering) of Intercellular Lipids; 3.2.1.2 Interactions within Corneocytes; 3.2.1.3 Alteration of Partitioning; 3.2.1.4 Other Mechanisms of Chemical Penetration Enhancement; 3.2.2 Common Chemical Penetration Enhancers; 3.2.2.1 Water; 3.2.2.2 Sulphoxides and Similar Chemicals; 3.2.2.3 Pyrrolidones; 3.2.2.4 Azone; 3.2.2.5 Fatty Acids; 3.2.2.6 Alcohols, Fatty Alcohols, and Glycols; 3.2.2.7 Surfactants; 3.2.2.8 Urea; 3.2.2.9 Terpenes; 3.2.2.10 Phospholipids

3.2.2.11 Amino Acid-Based Enhancers3.2.2.12 Peptides; 3.2.3 Synergy between Chemical Penetration Enhancers; 3.2.4 General Comments on Penetration Enhancers; 3.3 Permeation Retardation; 3.4 Drug and Formulation Manipulation Strategies; 3.4.1 Prodrugs; 3.4.2 Ion-Pairing; 3.4.3 Eutectic Systems/Depression of Permeant Melting Point; 3.4.4 Supersaturation; References; Chapter 4: Physical and Technological Modulation of Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Vesicles; 4.2.1 Liposomes; 4.2.2 Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles (Niosomes)

The Art and Science of Dermal Formulation Development is a comprehensive guide to the theory and practice of transdermal and topical formulation development, covering preclinical studies, evaluation, and regulatory approval. It enables the reader to understand the opportunities and challenges in developing products and how risks can be mitigated. Over the last 25 years, expertise in this area has declined whilst drug delivery systems for other administration routes have developed significantly. The advantages offered by transdermal and topical drug delivery remain compelling for sectors including the pharmaceutical industry, personal care, and cosmetics. This text addresses the dearth of expertise and discusses how skin can be a route of delivery and the processes in formulation development, but how such an application is very different to that used for oral, IV, and other administration routes.

OCLC-licensed vendor bibliographic record.